Book of dead 5 explorers
That was slightly tall by European standards of the day, but by no means giant. However, when you came back from traversing the great unknown, and all you have to regale the court with are your tales of people who were "kind of tall" and "didn't have an exceptional amount of dirt on their heads," you're going to lose your audience pretty fast.
The Amazon River is the largest river in the world. It was once surrounded by a rainforest full of hostile natives, not to mention some of the most horrifying creatures ever designed by the twisted hand of a mad God.
So surely the first person to navigate the entire river was some sort of big-cajoned Adonis, right? That actually wasn't disappointing!
This grizzled motherfucker right here is Fransisco de Orellana. Charged with exploring the Coca River, Orellana and his men decided, much like The Grateful Dead, to just keep on truckin' even when the Coca ran out.
As a result of their audacity, they navigated the Amazon River in two months. In ancient Greek stories, the Amazons were an entirely female nation of warriors who disposed of male children and cut off their right breasts in order to shoot bows and spears better.
So how did a river on the other side of the planet get named after Mediterranean femi-Nazis? Francisco de Orellana fought some dudes with long-hair on his voyage.
Not large, one breasted women. Not even a tribe composed entirely of women. Likely not even a single woman, actually.
The warriors that he mistook as savage tribes of mythological female warriors were most probably Icamiabas , a tribe of South American natives who didn't take kindly to white guys establishing a Spanish colonial presence on their river.
Which wasn't, obviously, called the Amazon at that point. Orellana named it that later, because he was the kind of guy you didn't fuck with.
Because if you did, he'd convince the entire world that your band of fierce, macho warriors were just angry Greek lesbians.
I can name this river Fagtonia if you want. Are you from America? Do you speak English? If so, you have Sir Walter Raleigh to thank. Doth thou speaketh it?
He was given permission to establish the colony of Roanoke, the first English settlement in the New World.
Despite being a hilarious failure , America may have been completely taken over by the Spanish or French without it. Oh dear God, no! Rolling with the joke, he confirmed de Orellana's fantasy that the forest was populated by one-breasted man-haters, then straight made up his own creatures to get the folks at home super excited about the strange and magical place he hoped to get lots of funding to visit over and over again.
The people he reported finding there were equal parts Marvel Comics' Modok and Clive Barker's Cenobites ; he called them the Ewaipanoma and described them as having "eyes in their shoulders, and their mouths in the middle of their breasts, and that a long train of hair groweth backward between their shoulders.
An example of a modern South American. Notice the existence of a head and absence of horror. On top of headless, chest-faced Humpty Dumpty looking aberrations, Raleigh's account of his expedition was riddled with El Dorado references.
As in, "he was totally there and saw it" kind of references. As in, the kind that might just send royalty into a voyage-funding greed-frenzy.
In the 17th century, John Smith was eager to make a less generic name for himself, so he decided to go to America and colonize in England's name.
Unlike Raleigh, however, Smith was actually successful in creating a permanent settlement in the Americas: It wasn't easy, though. Four-hundred and thirty-nine of the original settlers died.
And even as more settlers came in, they just kept dying. That's where our hero comes in with all of his heroic heroism: By courageously working with the savage natives who begrudgingly respected his noble spirit, he single-handedly turned life around and helped Jamestown lose their reputation as the settlement where everybody went to die.
Like Florida is now. His most well-known story is that of Pocahontas. According to Smith, he was kidnapped by hostile natives who were preparing to kill him when, at the last and most dramatic moment, the chief's daughter, Pocahontas, threw herself in front of Smith at her own peril, saving his life.
She was also a super-model. She goes to a different colony, though; you wouldn't know her. The nature of the afterlife which the dead person enjoyed is difficult to define, because of the differing traditions within Ancient Egyptian religion.
In the Book of the Dead , the dead were taken into the presence of the god Osiris , who was confined to the subterranean Duat. There are also spells to enable the ba or akh of the dead to join Ra as he travelled the sky in his sun-barque, and help him fight off Apep.
There are fields, crops, oxen, people and waterways. The deceased person is shown encountering the Great Ennead , a group of gods, as well as his or her own parents.
While the depiction of the Field of Reeds is pleasant and plentiful, it is also clear that manual labour is required.
For this reason burials included a number of statuettes named shabti , or later ushebti. These statuettes were inscribed with a spell, also included in the Book of the Dead , requiring them to undertake any manual labour that might be the owner's duty in the afterlife.
The path to the afterlife as laid out in the Book of the Dead was a difficult one. The deceased was required to pass a series of gates, caverns and mounds guarded by supernatural creatures.
Their names—for instance, "He who lives on snakes" or "He who dances in blood"—are equally grotesque.
These creatures had to be pacified by reciting the appropriate spells included in the Book of the Dead ; once pacified they posed no further threat, and could even extend their protection to the dead person.
If all the obstacles of the Duat could be negotiated, the deceased would be judged in the "Weighing of the Heart" ritual, depicted in Spell The deceased was led by the god Anubis into the presence of Osiris.
There, the dead person swore that he had not committed any sin from a list of 42 sins , [44] reciting a text known as the "Negative Confession".
Then the dead person's heart was weighed on a pair of scales, against the goddess Maat , who embodied truth and justice.
Maat was often represented by an ostrich feather, the hieroglyphic sign for her name. If the scales balanced, this meant the deceased had led a good life.
Anubis would take them to Osiris and they would find their place in the afterlife, becoming maa-kheru , meaning "vindicated" or "true of voice".
This scene is remarkable not only for its vividness but as one of the few parts of the Book of the Dead with any explicit moral content.
The judgment of the dead and the Negative Confession were a representation of the conventional moral code which governed Egyptian society. For every "I have not John Taylor points out the wording of Spells 30B and suggests a pragmatic approach to morality; by preventing the heart from contradicting him with any inconvenient truths, it seems that the deceased could enter the afterlife even if their life had not been entirely pure.
A Book of the Dead papyrus was produced to order by scribes. They were commissioned by people in preparation for their own funeral, or by the relatives of someone recently deceased.
They were expensive items; one source gives the price of a Book of the Dead scroll as one deben of silver, [51] perhaps half the annual pay of a labourer.
In one case, a Book of the Dead was written on second-hand papyrus. Most owners of the Book of the Dead were evidently part of the social elite; they were initially reserved for the royal family, but later papyri are found in the tombs of scribes, priests and officials.
Most owners were men, and generally the vignettes included the owner's wife as well. Towards the beginning of the history of the Book of the Dead , there are roughly 10 copies belonging to men for every one for a woman.
The dimensions of a Book of the Dead could vary widely; the longest is 40m long while some are as short as 1m. The scribes working on Book of the Dead papyri took more care over their work than those working on more mundane texts; care was taken to frame the text within margins, and to avoid writing on the joints between sheets.
The words peret em heru , or 'coming forth by day' sometimes appear on the reverse of the outer margin, perhaps acting as a label.
Books were often prefabricated in funerary workshops, with spaces being left for the name of the deceased to be written in later.
The text of a New Kingdom Book of the Dead was typically written in cursive hieroglyphs , most often from left to right, but also sometimes from right to left.
The hieroglyphs were in columns, which were separated by black lines — a similar arrangement to that used when hieroglyphs were carved on tomb walls or monuments.
Illustrations were put in frames above, below, or between the columns of text. The largest illustrations took up a full page of papyrus.
From the 21st Dynasty onward, more copies of the Book of the Dead are found in hieratic script. The calligraphy is similar to that of other hieratic manuscripts of the New Kingdom; the text is written in horizontal lines across wide columns often the column size corresponds to the size of the papyrus sheets of which a scroll is made up.
Occasionally a hieratic Book of the Dead contains captions in hieroglyphic. The text of a Book of the Dead was written in both black and red ink, regardless of whether it was in hieroglyphic or hieratic script.
Most of the text was in black, with red ink used for the titles of spells, opening and closing sections of spells, the instructions to perform spells correctly in rituals, and also for the names of dangerous creatures such as the demon Apep.
The style and nature of the vignettes used to illustrate a Book of the Dead varies widely. Sir Martin Lindsay, 1st Baronet.
Indian Ocean , Brazil , Uruguay and Argentina. Central Asia and North America. Southern and East Africa.
Australia , the Andes and Iceland. Newfoundland , Cape of Good Hope. Indian Ocean , Diego Garcia. Arctic and Antarctic Oceans. East Asia , Australasia.
Pacific Ocean , circumnavigation. Russian - Baltic German. Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. First European to reach the Sea of Okhotsk.
Pacific Northwest and Pacific Ocean. Nain Singh Rawat Pundit Brothers. Tibet , Himalayas and Central Asia.
Arabian Sea , Persian Gulf. Northwest Territory United States. Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
Caribbean , Gulf of Mexico. Persia , India and China. Snake River country, Western United States. South America north , Caribbean.
South America , Amazon River. Panama , Pacific Ocean. West Africa Niger River. Atlantic Ocean , Brazil. Eastern Siberia , first Russian to reach Transbaikalia.
Earth's atmosphere , the deep sea. Survived the 1st circumnavigation of the world. Louisiana Purchase United States. Alonso Alvarez de Pineda.
India , Far East , Japan. Hispaniola , Panama , Peru. China , Mongol Empire , India. The first European expedition through the Bering Strait.
Alta and Baja California. Northwest Passage , Canadian Arctic. Virginia , Orinoco River. Horn of Africa Abyssinia.
Central Asia , Northeast Asia. South Pacific Easter Island. Brazilian interior Amazon Basin. Russia , Scandinavia , Arabia. India , African coast.
Explorer of the World Ocean , seabed at the North Pole. Papua New Guinea , Mali , Bhutan. Marshall Islands , Pacific Ocean. Amazon , Lake Titicaca.
Europe , Middle East. Mirko and Stjepan Seljan. Ethiopia , South America. Caroline Islands , Pacific Ocean. Mount Everest , southern Patagonia.
West African coast, Sierra Leone.